Posts in category: Tax, Advisory

The reinstatement of bonus depreciation is a critical component of recent U.S. tax legislation aimed at fostering economic growth. The 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) had already put significant emphasis on bonus depreciation, but its permanent reinstatement under the “One Big Beautiful Bill Act” at 100% further emphasizes its importance, especially after considering the economic ramifications of the pandemic. This article explores the tax benefits, historical context, applicability, and specific rules surrounding bonus depreciation, ultimately outlining the recent changes in its reinstatement.

Historical Context: Originally Enacted to Stimulate the Economy – Bonus depreciation was first introduced as part of the Job Creation and Worker Assistance Act in 2002, allowing businesses to immediately deduct a substantial amount of the cost of qualifying property, rather than having to recover the cost as depreciation over a number of years. Initially, the deduction was set at 30% but was later increased to 50% and eventually to 100% during specific economic downturns.

The TCJA significantly altered bonus depreciation by allowing a 100% first-year deduction for qualified property, which was a substantial incentive for businesses. This provision was aimed at encouraging capital procurement and economic growth. However, the TCJA also included a sunset provision that began phasing out the bonus depreciation rate starting in 2023, and by 2027 no bonus depreciation would have been allowed.

Tax Benefits of Bonus Depreciation – Bonus depreciation allows businesses to fully deduct the cost of assets in the year they are placed into service, providing immediate tax relief and encouraging investment. This benefit enhances a company’s cash flow by reducing taxable income, making it a powerful incentive for purchasing new assets. However, utilizing bonus depreciation effectively requires careful planning. For example, the Section 199A deduction is based on qualified business income (QBI), and writing off large capital purchases can reduce an entity’s profit, consequently decreasing the Sec 199A deduction. Conversely, reducing taxable income might help avoid certain phase-outs and limitations associated with 199A.

Qualification Criteria for Bonus Depreciation – Qualifying property generally includes tangible property with a recovery period of 20 years or less, computer software, water utility property, and qualified improvements and productions. Recovery periods are set by the IRS. For example, most business vehicles have a recovery period of 5 years, while it is 7 years for most office equipment. No bonus depreciation is allowed for real property since the recovery period is either 27.5 or 39 years, depending on how the real property is used.

The TCJA expanded the scope of eligible property to include both new and used qualifying property, enhancing the attractiveness of investing in second-hand equipment. Public utility properties and dealer properties related to vehicles are specifically excluded, adding a layer of complexity.

Qualified Improvement and Property Issues – Qualified improvement property initially experienced legislative challenges. The intent under the TCJA was to combine properties such as leasehold, restaurant, and retail improvements into a category eligible for bonus depreciation under a 15-year MACRS recovery period. However, an oversight initially excluded these properties, later corrected by the CARES Act.

Revoking Bonus Depreciation and AMT Implications – Typically, opting out of bonus depreciation can only be revoked with IRS consent unless made on a timely filed return, allowing revocation within six months on an amended return. One noteworthy benefit is that property with claimed bonus depreciation is exempt from alternative minimum tax (AMT) adjustments, aligning AMT depreciation relief with regular tax purposes.

Business Automobiles and Other Depreciation Rules – Special rules and deduction limitations apply to business automobiles categorized as “luxury autos.” The depreciation limit is augmented by $8,000 in years when bonus depreciation is permitted, as established by the TCJA. It is not addressed in OBBBA so it is assumed the extra amount will continue.

Related party rules, and the application of Section 179, which requires pre-bonus depreciation adjustments, add further complexity. (Section 179 provides another way to write off purchase of some business property without having to depreciate the asset’s cost, but the deduction will need to be recaptured if business use drops to 50% or less in a year after the year placed in service.)

Issues Addressed by the Recent Legislation – The OBBBA reinstatement extends the 100% deduction for qualified property purchased and placed in service after January 19, 2025. OBBBA has made bonus depreciation permanent. For qualifying property placed in service between January 1, 2025, and January 19, 2025, the bonus depreciation remains at 40%.

This continuity provides businesses with long-term planning capabilities and aligns investments with broader economic policies intended to spur growth.

Qualified Production Property – The “One Big Beautiful Bill Act” also introduced a provision to promote manufacturing in the U.S. Under pre-OBBBA law, taxpayers were generally required to deduct (depreciate) the cost of business-related nonresidential real property over a 39-year period. And bonus depreciation was generally limited to tangible personal property, not real estate.

Effective for property placed in service after July 4, 2025, OBBBA generally, allows taxpayers to immediately deduct 100% of the cost of certain new factories, certain improvements to existing factories, and certain other structures. Specifically, this provision allows taxpayers to deduct 100% of the adjusted basis of qualified production property in the year such property is placed in service.

Qualified Production Property refers to specific portions of nonresidential real property that meet a set of criteria:

• The property must be used by the taxpayer as an integral part of a qualified production activity.

• It must be placed in service within the United States or any possession of the United States.

• The original use of the property must commence with the taxpayer.

• Construction of the property must begin after January 19, 2025, and before January 1, 2029.

• The property must be designated by the taxpayer in an election on the taxpayer’s tax return.

• The IRS will issue instructions on how to make this election.

• The property must be placed in service before January 1, 2031.

• Any portion of a property that is used for offices, administrative services, lodging, parking, sales activities, research activities, software engineering activities, or certain other functions is ineligible for this benefit

Production Machinery: Even though manufacturing machinery that does not qualify as qualified production property is not expensed under this provision, it will generally qualify for 100% bonus depreciation that is reinstated by OBBBA.

Qualified Production Activity: Generally, a “Qualified Production Activity” is defined as follows:

• Activities Involved: It refers to the manufacturing, production (limited to agricultural and chemical production), or refining of a qualified product. These activities should result in a substantial transformation of the property comprising the product.

Qualified Product: A qualified product refers to any tangible personal property that is not a food or beverage prepared in the same building as a retail establishment in which such property is sold.In summary, for an activity to qualify under this section, it must involve significant production or transformation processes, excluding certain types of agricultural and chemical productions.

Recapture rules apply in certain cases where, during the 10-year period after qualified production property is placed in service, the use of the property changes. When the property is sold, to the extent of the bonus depreciation taken, any gain will be ordinary income rather than capital gain,

The reinstatement of bonus depreciation is a vital tool for economic rejuvenation, providing businesses with immediate tax incentives to make capital investments. While it offers substantial benefits, understanding the complexities and planning strategically around QBI deductions, AMT implications, and specific qualifications is essential. Amid legislative nuances and phased-out provisions, bonus depreciation remains a keystone in strategic business planning for enduring economic development. The addition of the qualified production property provides a huge incentive for building production facilities in the U.S. While thought of as a deduction for big business, it can also apply to small manufacturing facilities.

If you are in business and have questions about how the Bonus Depreciation can benefit your business, please contact our office.

Section 529 plans are tax-advantaged savings plans designed to encourage saving for future education costs. They are legally known as “qualified tuition plans” and are sponsored by states, state agencies, or educational institutions. With rising education expenses, these plans offer a valuable option for families to invest in the future of a child’s education. Let’s delve into the specifics of who can contribute, the contribution limits, and the various uses of these funds, including recent updates under the “One Big Beautiful Bill” Act (OBBBA).

Who Can Contribute? A 529 plan can be funded by anyone — parents, grandparents, relatives, or friends. There is no restriction on who can make contributions, or what the contributor’s income is, as long as the total contributions for the beneficiary do not exceed the plan’s limits. This flexibility makes 529 plans a popular gift option for birthdays, holidays, or special occasions.

Maximum Contribution Without Gift Tax: Contributions to a 529 plan are considered gifts under the federal tax code. As of 2025, individuals can contribute up to the annual gift tax exclusion limit of $19,000 per beneficiary without triggering the requirement to file a gift tax return. This amount is adjusted annually for inflation, allowing for potential increases in future years.

For example, a married couple could contribute a total of $38,000 to their grandchild’s 529 plan in 2025, provided they hadn’t made other gifts to the grandchild that reduced the available gift tax exclusion.

The 5-Year Advance Contribution Rule: One of the unique features of 529 plans is the ability to “superfund” an account by front-loading contributions. This rule allows individuals to contribute up to five times the annual gift tax exclusion amount in a single year without incurring gift taxes, provided they do not make additional gifts to the same beneficiary over the subsequent four years.

For 2025, this means contributing a lump sum of up to $95,000. Superfunding a 529 plan while the intended beneficiary is young will allow the funds to grow tax free for a longer time.  

Additional Contributions During the 5-Year Period: If the annual gift tax exclusion limit increases during the five-year period after a lump-sum contribution has been made, it is possible to make an additional contribution up to the new limit without incurring gift taxes. For instance, if the limit increases due to inflation adjustments, contributors can take advantage of the increased exclusion amount.

State Limitation on Sec 529 Contributions: The maximum contribution limit for Section 529 plans can vary significantly by state, as each state sets its own limit based on its estimates of the future costs of education. However, the typical range for maximum account balances across most states is from $235,000 to over $550,000 per beneficiary. It’s crucial to check the specific limit for the state plan you are interested in, as these caps are intended to cover qualified education expenses and are periodically adjusted to account for rising education costs.

Also, of note: individuals are not limited to plans from their home state.

Paying Tuition Directly and Avoiding Gift Tax Issues: Grandparents often play a pivotal role in supporting a child’s educational journey, and many might contemplate utilizing their personal investment strategies to fund a family member’s education, believing they can achieve better returns than a 529 plan offers. However, for those who prioritize giving substantial financial support without impacting gift tax implications, it’s important to understand the benefits of direct tuition payments. The gift tax rules provide a strategic advantage by not considering the direct payment of tuition to an educational institution as a taxable gift. This allows grandparents to pay tuition bills directly without incurring gift tax consequences, enabling them to simultaneously maintain their investment portfolios while contributing significantly to a grandchild’s education in a tax-efficient manner. This approach not only aids in reducing estate value but also maximizes support for education without impinging upon annual gift tax exclusion limits.

Qualified Uses of 529 Plan Funds: 529 plan funds can be used for a vast range of educational expenses. These include:

• Tuition and fees for college, university, or eligible postsecondary institutions.
• Books, supplies, and equipment required for courses.
• Computers, peripheral equipment and internet access.
• Special needs services for a beneficiary with special needs, necessary for enrollment or attendance.
• Room and board for students enrolled at least half-time.
• K-12 Education: The OBBBA has expanded the use of 529 plans to cover more K-12 education expenses, permitting tax-free distributions of up to $20,000 annually per beneficiary for tuition and related expenses at public, private, or religious schools, starting January 1, 2026. From 2018 through 2025 only tuition of up to $10,000 per year was allowed as a tax-free distribution for K-12 expense. Among the newly eligible expenses are books or other instructional materials, online educational materials, tuition for tutoring or educational classes outside of the home, fees for achievement tests and advanced placement tests, and fees related to enrolling in colleges and universities.
• Apprenticeships and Additional Education Expenses: New provisions under the OBBBA and other recent legislation have expanded the types of qualified expenses to include costs associated with registered apprenticeship programs and “qualified postsecondary credentialing expenses.”

Taxation and Penalties on Non-Qualified Distributions: While 529 plans offer tax-free growth and withdrawals for qualified expenses, distributions not used for qualified education expenses are subject to income tax and a 10% penalty on the earnings portion. The contributions, which were made with after-tax dollars (i.e., they weren’t tax deductible), are not taxable, but the appreciation of those contributions is.

The IRS does offer exemptions from the 10% penalty in certain situations, such as if the beneficiary receives a scholarship. In these scenarios, the penalty is waived, although the earnings would still be subject to income tax.

Rollover Options:

• Rollover to an ABLE Account – Under the ABLE Act, funds in a 529 plan can be rolled over into an Achieving a Better Life Experience (ABLE) account for the same beneficiary or a qualifying family member without incurring income taxes or penalties. This option allows for flexibility if the original beneficiary needs support for disability-related expenses rather than educational costs.
• IRA Rollover for Unused Funds – The SECURE Act 2.0 introduced a provision allowing up to $35,000 in leftover 529 plan funds to be rolled over into a Roth IRA for the designated beneficiary. This provides a way to utilize any excess funds that were originally earmarked for education by rolling the excess amount into a tax-advantaged retirement account. However, eligibility for a Roth IRA and contribution limits remain applicable, and the $35,000 rollover limit is a lifetime limit.

In conclusion, Section 529 plans offer a multifaceted and flexible approach to saving for education. They provide tax advantages while allowing contributors to offer significant support for a beneficiary’s educational journey. With recent legislative updates, such as those under the OBBBA, the scope and utility of 529 plans have expanded, encompassing a wider array of educational uses and offering additional financial planning options through rollovers to ABLE accounts and IRAs. As education costs continue to rise, these plans remain an essential tool for families planning for the future.

Consulting with a tax professional can provide invaluable assistance in providing personalized advice tailored to individual circumstances, helping to optimize educational savings strategies and ensure compliance with gift tax rules. If you’re considering a strategy involving 529 plans, reaching out to our office is a prudent step to ensure your plan aligns with current tax laws and best practices.

Qualified Small Business Stock (QSBS) offers a compelling tax advantage for investors aiming to support small business ventures. Introduced as a part of the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1993, QSBS enables investors to exclude a considerable portion of their capital gains from taxable income under Section 1202 of the Internal Revenue Code or to elect to roll over the gain into other QSBS. This article explores important facets of QSBS—from its definition to its complex tax treatments.

What is Qualified Small Business Stock (QSBS)? QSBS refers to shares held in a C corporation that qualify for tax benefits outlined in Section 1202. Not every C corporation stock meets the criteria; specific conditions around issuing corporations, holding periods, and more must be satisfied.

What Stock Qualifies as QSBS? To qualify as QSBS, stock must be issued by a domestic C corporation that actively conducts a qualified trade or business. Key qualifications include:

• Small Business Status: At the time of stock issuance, the corporation’s gross assets must not exceed $50 million ($75 million after July 4, 2025) before and after the issuance.
• Active Business Requirement: At least 80% of the corporation’s assets must be actively used in the conduct of the qualified trade or business.
• Qualified Trade or Business: Most service-oriented businesses, such as health, law, and financial services, as well as farming and operating hotels, restaurants or similar businesses, are excluded. The business should engage primarily in qualifying activities.

The Tax Benefits of QSBS: One of the most attractive features of QSBS is the potential to exclude up to 100% of the capital gains from the sale of such stock. Here’s how the exclusions have evolved for stock acquired:

• Before 2009 amendments: 50% exclusion on capital gains.
• Post-2009 amendments and before the 2010 Small Business Jobs Act: 75% exclusion.
• After the 2010 Small Business Jobs Act and before the OBBBA change: 100% exclusion for stock acquired between September 28, 2010, and before July 5, 2025.

Maximum Exclusions and Updated Legislation under OBBBA: The One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA), effective for stock acquired after July 4, 2025, introduced new exclusions:

• 50% for three-year holds
• 75% for four-year holds
• 100% for five-year holds

For stocks acquired prior to July 5, 2025, the investor’s excludable gain is limited to $10 million or ten times the taxpayer’s adjusted basis in the QSBS, whichever is greater. For stock acquired post-July 4, 2025, the limit increases to $15 million with inflation adjustments in future years.

Disqualifications and Special Cases: Certain conditions render stock ineligible for QSBS benefits:

• Disqualified Stock: Stock acquired via repurchase from the same corporation within two years.
• S Corporation Stock: Entity status disqualifies S corporation stock from qualifying unless converted to C corporation status.

Transfers, Passthroughs, and Rollover Opportunities

• Gift Transfers: QSBS can be transferred as a gift; the recipient inherits the holding period, maintaining potential eligibility for tax benefits.
• Passthrough Entities: Partnerships and S corporations may hold QSBS, with each partner potentially benefiting from QSBS exclusions, assuming specific conditions are met.
• Gain Rollover Election under Section 1045: Allows deferral of gains from sale of QSBS held for more than 6 months. When this option is elected, the gain not taxed reduces the basis of the acquired stock. The QSBS gain exclusion can be used later when the replacement stock is sold and after it has been held the required number of years.

Understanding Tax Rates and Exclusions

Not all gains are excludable under Section 1202. Additionally:

• Non-excludable QSBS gains do not qualify for the 0%, 15%, or 20% capital gains rates, instead subjecting the gains to a maximum tax rate of 28%.

Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) and Electivity – Exclusions under QSBS were once considered a preference item for AMT, but recent amendments remove its consideration as AMT preference. The treatment under Section 1202 is generally automatic given eligibility is met, without an explicit elective procedure.

QSBS offers significant tax savings and encourages investments in domestic small businesses. By understanding the qualifications, benefits, and limitations, investors can more effectively strategize their portfolios to harness QSBS provisions.

Remaining informed and consulting with our office can ensure compliance and optimization of tax benefits.

You did it. You worked hard, saved consistently, and now you’re either enjoying retirement—or it’s just around the corner.

You’ve been told for years to put money into retirement accounts, defer taxes, and wait for the golden years. But wait… no one told you?

Retirement Might be your Highest-Taxed Phase Yet

Seriously. Between Social Security income, Required Minimum Distributions (RMDs), capital gains, Medicare premium adjustments, and even state taxes… it can feel like a financial ambush.

Let’s break down why this happens—and what you can do now to soften the blow.

1. RMDs: The Tax Bomb That Starts at Age 73

If you’ve saved in a traditional IRA or 401(k), you’ve been enjoying tax deferral for years. But the IRS eventually wants their cut.

That’s where RMDs come in. Once you hit age 73, you’re forced to take money out of your retirement accounts—and those withdrawals are taxed as ordinary income.

Why it matters:

● Your RMD could bump you into a higher tax bracket.

● It could trigger higher Medicare premiums (thanks, IRMAA).

● It might even impact how much of your Social Security is taxed.

What to do now: Consider Roth conversions in your 60s to reduce your future RMDs. Yes, you’ll pay tax now, but it could save you significantly down the road.

2. Social Security Isn’t Always Tax-Free

Up to 85% of your Social Security benefits could be taxable depending on your total income—including investment income, part-time work, and yes, those RMDs.

Here’s the trap: You think you’re getting $3,000/month from Social Security.

But add in just a few thousand from another source, and suddenly, a big chunk of that is taxable.

Solution: Work with an advisor who can map out income sources before you trigger your benefits. Sometimes, waiting a year or two—or rebalancing your withdrawal strategy—can dramatically reduce taxes.

3. IRMAA: The Medicare Surcharge You Didn’t See Coming

This one stings. You file your taxes, enjoy a good year, and then boom—two years later, your Medicare premiums go up.

That’s IRMAA (Income-Related Monthly Adjustment Amount). If your income exceeds certain thresholds, you’ll pay more for Medicare Part B and D—even if the bump was from a one-time event like a Roth conversion or asset sale.

Proactive planning = lower premiums. A well-timed income strategy can keep you just under IRMAA thresholds. And in some cases, you can file an appeal based on a “life-changing event” like retirement or loss of income.

4. Capital Gains & Selling Assets in Retirement

Selling your long-held investments? Downsizing your home? These capital gains could push your income higher than expected—and cause a domino effect with taxes, Medicare, and Social Security.

Even if you’re “living off savings,” your tax return may tell a different story.

Pro tip: There’s a 0% capital gains bracket for certain income ranges. With the right strategy, you can sell appreciated assets without triggering taxes—but timing is everything.

5. State Taxes Still Matter—Even in Retirement

Not all states treat retirees the same. Some tax Social Security, some don’t. Some offer pension exemptions, others tax everything.

If you’re thinking about relocating in retirement, don’t just compare housing costs. Compare tax policies. And if you’re staying put? Learn how your current state impacts your bottom line.

6. Your Filing Status Can Change Your Tax Life

A tough but important truth: Losing a spouse in retirement often means going from “Married Filing Jointly” to “Single.”

Which means:

● Lower standard deductions

● Tighter income thresholds

● Bigger tax bills on the same income

If you’re newly widowed or preparing for that reality, it’s worth building a multi-year tax strategy now—not later.

7. You Don’t Have to Navigate This Alone

The retirement tax landscape is not DIY-friendly. Rules change. Thresholds shift. And one wrong move (or missed opportunity) can cost you thousands.

But with the right guide, you can:

● Smooth out income across years

● Reduce your lifetime tax bill

● Maximize your Social Security and Medicare benefits

● And keep more of the money you worked so hard to earn

Let’s Build a Tax-Smart Retirement Plan—Together

You planned for retirement. Now it’s time to plan for retirement taxes.

We’re here to help you make smart, proactive decisions that reduce surprises, minimize your tax burden, and give you the peace of mind to enjoy the years ahead.

Contact our office today to schedule a retirement tax check-up. You’ve done the saving—now let’s make sure you keep more of it.

Tax planning is a crucial aspect of financial management, yet it often remains underestimated by many taxpayers. One area that frequently causes confusion and potential financial strain is the management of estimated tax payments and the associated penalties for underpayment. Understanding the intricacies of estimated tax safe harbors, the requirement for payments to be made ratably, and the strategies to mitigate penalties can significantly impact a taxpayer’s financial health. This article delves into these topics, offering insights into how taxpayers can navigate these challenges effectively.

Understanding Underestimated Penalties – Underpayment penalties can catch taxpayers off guard, especially when they fail to meet the required estimated tax payments. The IRS imposes these penalties to encourage timely tax payments throughout the year, rather than a lump sum at the end. The penalty is essentially an interest charge on the amount of tax that should have been paid during the year but wasn’t. This penalty can be substantial, especially for those with fluctuating incomes or those who experience a significant increase in income without adjusting their estimated payments accordingly. While most wage-earning taxpayers have enough tax withheld from their paychecks to avoid the underpayment penalty problem, those who also have investment income or side gigs may find their withholding isn’t enough to meet the prepayment requirements to avoid a penalty.

Estimated Tax Penalty Amount – The IRS sets the interest rates for underpayment penalties each quarter.  It is equal to the federal short-term interest rate plus 3 percent. With the recent rapid rise in interest rates the underpayment interest rate for each quarter of 2024 is a whopping 8%, the highest it has been in almost two decades. Something you should be concerned about if you expect your withholding and estimated tax payments to be substantially underpaid.   

Estimated Tax Due Dates – For individuals, this involves using Form 1040-ES to make the payments, generally on a “quarterly” basis. 

The estimated tax payment schedule for individuals and certain other taxpayers is structured in a way that does not align with the even quarters of the calendar year. This is primarily due to the specific due dates set by the IRS for these payments. For 2024, the due dates for estimated tax payments are as follows:

1. First Quarter: Payment is due on April 15, 2024. This payment covers income earned from January 1 to March 31.
2. Second Quarter: Payment is due on June 17, 2024. This payment covers income earned from April 1 to May 31. Note that this period is only two months long, which contributes to the uneven nature of the quarters.
3. Third Quarter: Payment is due on September 16, 2024. This payment covers income earned from June 1 to August 31.
4. Fourth Quarter: Payment is due on January 15, 2025. This payment covers income earned in the four months of the period September 1 to December 31.

 Note, these payment due dates normally fall on the 15^th of the month. However, whenever the 15^th falls on a weekend or holiday, the due date is extended to the next business day.  

Estimated Tax Safe Harbors – To avoid underpayment penalties and having to make a projection of the expected tax for each payment period, taxpayers can rely on safe harbor rules. These rules provide a guideline for the minimum amount that must be paid to avoid penalties. Generally, taxpayers can avoid penalties if their total tax payments equal or exceed:

• 90% of the current year’s tax liability or 
• 100% of the prior year’s tax liability.

However, for higher-income taxpayers with an adjusted gross income (AGI) over $150,000, the safe harbor threshold of 100% increases to 110% of the prior year’s tax liability.

Ratable Payments Requirement – One critical aspect of estimated tax payments is the requirement for these payments to be made ratably throughout the year. This means that taxpayers should aim to make equal payments each “quarter” to avoid penalties. However, income is not always received evenly throughout the year, which can complicate this requirement. For instance, if a taxpayer receives a significant portion of their income in the latter part of the year, they may find themselves underpaid for earlier quarters, leading to penalties.

Uneven Quarters and Computing Penalties – The challenge of uneven income can be addressed by understanding how penalties are computed. The IRS calculates penalties on a quarterly basis, meaning that underpayments in one quarter cannot be offset by overpayments in a later quarter. This can be particularly problematic for those with seasonal or sporadic income. To mitigate this, taxpayers can use IRS Form 2210, which allows them to annualize their income and potentially reduce or eliminate penalties by showing that their income was not received evenly throughout the year.

Workarounds: Increasing Withholding and Retirement Plan Distributions

• Increase Withholding – One effective workaround for managing underpayment penalties is to increase withholding for the balance of the year. Unlike estimated payments, withholding is considered paid ratably throughout the year, regardless of when the tax is actually withheld. This means that increasing withholding later in the year can help cover any shortfalls from earlier quarters.
• Retirement Plan Distribution – Another strategy involves taking a substantial distribution from a retirement plan such as a 401(k) or 403(b) plan, which is subject to a mandatory 20% withholding requirement. The taxpayer can then roll the distribution back into the plan within 60 days, using other funds to make up the portion of the distribution which went to withholding. Tax withholding can also be made from a traditional IRA distribution, but this approach requires careful planning to ensure compliance with the one IRA rollover per 12-month period rule.
• Annualized Exception – For taxpayers with uneven income, the annualized exception using IRS Form 2210 can be a valuable tool. This form allows taxpayers to calculate their required estimated payments based on the actual income received during each quarter, rather than assuming equal income throughout the year. By doing so, taxpayers can potentially reduce or eliminate underpayment penalties by demonstrating that their income was not received evenly.

Managing estimated tax payments and avoiding underpayment penalties requires careful planning and a thorough understanding of IRS rules and regulations. By leveraging safe harbor provisions, understanding the requirement for ratable payments, and utilizing strategies such as increased withholding and retirement plan distributions, taxpayers can effectively navigate these challenges.

If you are expecting your pre-payment of tax to be substantially underpaid and wish to develop a strategy to avoid or mitigate underpayment penalties, please contact this office.  But if you wait too late in the year, it might not provide enough time before the end of the year to make any effective changes. 

There are special rules for qualifying farmers and fishermen, who may have different requirements and potential waivers for underpayment penalties; contact our office for details.

As the year draws to a close, small business owners have a unique opportunity to implement strategies that can significantly reduce their tax liability for the upcoming year. By taking proactive steps in the final months, businesses can not only minimize their tax burden but also streamline their financial operations. Here’s a comprehensive guide on actions you can take to optimize your tax situation for 2024.

1. Accelerate Business Expenses

One of the most effective ways to reduce taxable income is to accelerate business expenses. Consider purchasing office equipment, machinery, vehicles, or tools before the year ends. By doing so, you can take advantage of Section 179 expensing or bonus depreciation.

• Section 179 Expensing: This allows businesses to deduct the full purchase price of qualifying equipment and software purchased or financed during the tax year. For 2024, the deduction limit is again substantial, allowing businesses to deduct up to $1,220,000 of eligible property. This can include machinery, office furniture, and certain business vehicles. That limit phases out dollar-for-dollar once the amount of section 179 property placed in service during the tax for year exceeds $3,050,000. This means that a business can no longer claim section 179 expensing in 2024 if it places in service $4,270,000 or more of expense-eligible property. Property eligible for 179 expensing includes:

 •   Generally, machinery and equipment, depreciated under the MACRS rules, regardless of its depreciation recovery period,

•    Off-the-shelf computer software,

•    Qualified improvements to building interiors, and

•    Roofs, HVAC systems, fire protection systems, alarm systems, and security systems.

• Bonus Depreciation: In addition to Section 179, businesses can use bonus depreciation to write off a significant portion of the cost of new and used business assets. For 2024, the bonus depreciation allows 60% of an asset’s cost to be expensed. That is down from 80% in 2023 and will further reduce to 40% for purchases in 2025.

Qualifying property includes tangible property depreciated under MACRS with a recovery period of 20 years or less and most computer software.   

2. Review and Adjust Payroll

If you have employees, reviewing your payroll can provide additional tax savings. Consider the following:

• Reasonable Compensation for S-Corporation Shareholders: If you are a shareholder in an S-Corporation, ensure that you are paying yourself a reasonable salary. This affects your Section 199A deduction and payroll taxes. The IRS requires that S-Corporation shareholders receive reasonable compensation for services provided.
• Year-End Bonuses: Consider issuing bonuses before the year ends. Bonuses are deductible in the year they are paid, reducing taxable income. However, year-end bonuses are considered supplemental wages and are subject to payroll taxes and withholding. Ensure that bonuses are processed through payroll to account for withholding taxes.

3. Manage Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold

For businesses that maintain inventory, managing your year-end inventory levels can impact your taxable income. Consider the following strategies:

• Inventory Write-Downs: If you have obsolete or unsellable inventory, consider writing it down. This reduces your taxable income by increasing the cost of goods sold.
• Year-End Inventory:  From a tax perspective, the value of your ending inventory affects your taxable income. A larger ending inventory increases your taxable income because it reduces the cost of goods sold (COGS), while a smaller ending inventory decreases taxable income by increasing COGS. Therefore, if your goal is to reduce taxable income, you might prefer to have a smaller inventory at year-end.

4. Optimize Retirement Contributions

Contributing to retirement plans is a powerful way to reduce taxable income while planning for the future. Consider the following options:

• SEP IRAs and Solo 401(k)s: If you are self-employed, you can contribute up to 25% of your net earnings to a SEP IRA, with a maximum contribution limit of $69,000 for 2024. Solo 401(k) plans also offer significant contribution limits, allowing both employee and employer contributions.
• Catch-Up Contributions: If you are over 50, take advantage of catch-up contributions to increase your retirement savings and reduce taxable income.
• Contribution Due Dates: SEP IRA contributions must be made by the due date of your business’s tax return, including extensions.

For 401(k) contributions, employee elective deferrals must be made by the end of the calendar year (December 31, 2024) to count for that tax year. However, employer contributions, such as matching or profit-sharing contributions, can be made by the due date of the employer’s tax return, including extensions, for the 2024 tax year.

5. Charitable Contributions

Making charitable contributions before the end of the year can provide tax benefits. C corporations can directly deduct charitable contributions on their corporate tax returns. The deduction is generally limited to 10% of the corporation’s taxable income.

However, Sole Proprietorships, Partnerships, and S Corporations can not directly deduct charitable contributions as business expenses. Instead, the deduction is passed through to the individual owners, partners, or shareholders, who can then claim the deduction on their personal tax returns if they itemize deductions. Thus, they do not reduce the   business’s taxable income or income of the owners that’s subject to Social Security or self-employment tax.

For 2024, individuals can deduct cash contributions up to 60% of their adjusted gross income.

6. Business Advertising

Advertising expenses are generally considered ordinary and necessary business expenses. As such, they are fully deductible on a business’s tax return. This includes costs associated with promoting the business through various media, sponsorships, and events where the primary intent is to advertise the business.

However, the distinction between advertising and charitable contributions can be unclear. Business advertising is defined as an expense to promote the business and generate revenue. Whereas charitable contributions are made with the intent of supporting a charitable cause or organization without expecting a direct business benefit in return. 

Example: If a business donates money to a local food bank without receiving any advertising or promotional benefit, this is considered a charitable contribution. The business does not expect to receive a direct financial return from the donation.

7. Filing Obligations and Compliance

As you prepare for year-end, ensure that you are compliant with all filing obligations:

• Beneficial Ownership Reporting: If your business is required to report beneficial ownership information, ensure that you have gathered the necessary details. This includes information about individuals who own or control the company.

The FinCEN Beneficial Ownership Information (BOI) report filing has specific due dates depending on when a business is created or registered. For existing businesses that were in operation before January 1, 2024, the initial BOI report must be filed by January 1, 2025. For new businesses created or registered between January 1, 2024, and December 31, 2024, the report is due within 90 calendar days from the date the business receives actual or public notice of its creation or registration. Starting January 1, 2025, newly created or registered businesses have 30 calendar days from the effective date of their creation or registration to file their initial BOI reports. These deadlines are crucial for compliance and avoiding potential penalties.

• Information Returns: Prepare for filing information returns, such as Form 1099-NEC for non-employee compensation. Ensure that you have collected Social Security Numbers (SSNs) or Taxpayer Identification Numbers (TINs) from all independent contractors. Independent Contractors should be required to complete Form W-9 before beginning work. If that was not done originally, make sure to collect them so the 1099-NEC forms can be properly and timely filed in January.
• Estimated Tax Payments: If you or your business is required to make estimated tax payments, ensure that these are up to date to avoid penalties.

8. Tax Credits and Incentives

Explore available tax credits and incentives that can reduce your tax liability:

• Research and Development (R&D) Tax Credit: If your business engages in research and development activities, you may qualify for the R&D tax credit. This credit can offset income tax liability and, in some cases, payroll tax liability.
• Energy Efficiency Credits: Consider investing in energy-efficient equipment or renewable energy systems. Federal and state governments offer credits for businesses that make energy-efficient upgrades.

9. Employee Gifts

Employee gifts are a common practice in many organizations, especially during the holiday season or as a token of appreciation for hard work and dedication. However, when it comes to gifting employees, businesses must consider the tax implications of such gestures.  Generally, they are deductible by the business but may or may not be included in the wage income of the employee, as explained here:

• Cash Bonuses: These are often the most appreciated form of gift, as they provide employees with the flexibility to use the money as they see fit. However, cash bonuses are considered taxable income and are subject to payroll taxes and withholding.
• Gift Cards and Certificates: These are popular because they offer a degree of choice to the recipient. However, if they are easily convertible to cash, they are also considered taxable income.
• Non-Cash Gifts: Items such as company merchandise, holiday baskets, or event tickets can be considered de minimis fringe benefits if they are of low value and given infrequently, making them non-taxable.

10. Disaster Loses

A disaster loss refers to a financial loss incurred by a taxpayer due to a federally declared disaster. Taxpayers who experience such losses in 2024 have the option to make an election to deduct the loss on their 2023 tax return instead of waiting to claim it on their 2024 return. This election can provide quicker financial relief by potentially generating a tax refund for the prior year.

It your business or you personally were affected by any of many disasters in 2024, that can impact your year-end strategies and your overall tax planning for 2024.  

By implementing these strategies in the final months of the year, small businesses can significantly reduce their 2024 tax liability. From accelerating expenses to managing inventory and exploring tax credits, there are numerous opportunities to enhance your tax efficiency. Stay proactive, remain compliant with filing obligations.

If you would like to explore how these year-end strategies might benefit your business, please consult with our office.

As tax professionals, we know that changes in leadership often bring shifts in tax policy, affecting everything from deductions and exemptions to estate taxes and business regulations. With President Donald Trump’s recent re-election, we may see updates to tax policy based on his prior administration’s actions and new proposals. For individuals and businesses alike, understanding these changes and planning ahead could make a substantial difference in tax savings and financial efficiency.

In this article, we’ll explore what tax policies may be on the horizon, including proposed extensions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) and potential new deductions and exemptions. Keep in mind that while these policies aren’t yet set in stone, we’re here to provide insight and preparation strategies for our clients. As always, we encourage you to contact our office with any questions on tax planning and potential impacts on your situation.

1. Extending the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) Provisions for Individuals

The TCJA introduced significant tax cuts in 2017, benefiting both individuals and corporations. However, many of these provisions are set to expire after 2025. President Trump’s recent policy stance suggests a priority to make these individual tax cuts permanent, which could mean continued benefits for many taxpayers, especially those in middle to high-income brackets. Some key areas that could be impacted if the TCJA provisions are extended include:

• Itemized Deductions: This could mean the ongoing suspension of certain itemized deductions, including the phase-out of the deduction limit for specific items, as well as limitations on deductions for personal casualty losses.
  
  
• Charitable Contributions: The increased percentage limit for cash contributions to public charities (from 50% to 60%) may remain, offering more generous opportunities for tax savings through charitable giving.
  
  
• Home-Related Deductions: The qualified residence interest deduction could see changes, with limits on home equity interest deductions continuing.
  
  
• Student Loan Assistance: Extended provisions could retain exclusions for certain student loan discharges and employer-provided student loan assistance, helping borrowers manage debt with some tax relief.

How to Prepare: Individuals can start by reviewing their deductions and contributions, especially if charitable giving or homeownership is part of their financial strategy. Planning around these extended provisions could help you maximize deductions and reduce taxable income.

2. Changes to Exemptions and Exclusions

Trump’s proposals include expanding certain exclusions and exemptions, aiming to simplify tax calculations and provide relief for specific income sources. Here are a few areas that may see changes:

• Social Security Benefits, Tips, and Overtime Pay: A proposed exemption for these income sources could reduce taxable income for many taxpayers, especially those nearing retirement or working in overtime-intensive industries.
  
  
• Increased Estate and Gift Tax Exemptions: This change would further raise the threshold for estate and gift tax liabilities, benefiting high-net-worth individuals and families looking to pass on wealth without a significant tax burden.

How to Prepare: Consider incorporating these potential exemptions into your income planning strategy. For high-income earners, this could mean updating estate plans and exploring additional wealth transfer strategies to maximize potential tax savings.

3. Eliminating the SALT Cap

One of the more contentious aspects of the TCJA was the $10,000 cap on state and local tax (SALT) deductions, which many argue disproportionately impacted taxpayers in high-tax states. Trump’s new policy proposals include a complete removal of this cap, allowing taxpayers to deduct the full amount of their state and local taxes from their federal taxable income.

How to Prepare: If the SALT cap is lifted, taxpayers in high-tax states may see a notable decrease in taxable income. Adjusting your withholding and revisiting your quarterly tax estimates could be beneficial if this change comes into effect.

4. Business Deductions Restored

For business owners, several deductions that have been phased out or limited may make a comeback:

• 100% Bonus Depreciation: This popular provision, which allows businesses to deduct the entire cost of eligible assets in the year they’re placed in service, is currently phasing out. A potential extension would allow business owners to continue taking full deductions, increasing cash flow, and incentivizing investment in new equipment.
  
  
• R&D Expensing: Returning this deduction in full could help companies that invest heavily in innovation by allowing them to immediately expense their R&D costs, rather than amortizing them over several years.
  
  
• Interest Deduction (EBITDA-Based): By returning to a more favorable interest expense deduction tied to EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization), more businesses may be able to deduct interest costs, especially in capital-intensive industries.

How to Prepare: Business owners should consider the potential cash flow benefits of these restored deductions and plan their purchasing and financing strategies accordingly. Speaking with our office can help determine the optimal timing for asset purchases and other significant expenditures.

5. New Import Tariffs

A notable addition to Trump’s tax policies includes a proposed 20% universal tariff on all U.S. imports, which could affect businesses that rely on imported goods and materials. While this tariff is primarily aimed at boosting domestic production, it could also mean increased costs for companies that rely on foreign suppliers.

How to Prepare: For businesses with an international supply chain, now is the time to evaluate options for sourcing domestically or working with U.S.-based suppliers. This could mitigate the impact of higher costs due to import tariffs.

6. Additional Potential Deductions and Credits

Several additional provisions aim to provide taxpayers with more deductions and credits, such as an auto loan deduction and enhanced employer benefits, including tax-free student loan payments. These provisions could provide relief for specific spending areas and reduce taxable income for certain taxpayers.

How to Prepare: These deductions could offer substantial benefits, especially for families with college expenses and those managing large debts. Working with our experts to incorporate these into your tax plan could lead to considerable savings.

Start Planning Now for Potential Tax Changes

Navigating tax policy changes can be complex, but proactive planning can make all the difference in maximizing benefits and minimizing liabilities. At our office, we stay informed about upcoming tax developments to help clients make well-informed financial decisions.

If you’re interested in how these potential tax changes might affect your personal or business taxes, we’re here to help. Contact our office today to discuss tailored tax planning strategies that keep you ahead of the curve.

As the year draws to a close, taxpayers with substantial stock holdings have a unique opportunity to engage in strategic planning to optimize their tax positions. This article explores various strategies, including understanding the annual loss limit, navigating wash sale rules, recognizing gains and losses, donating appreciated securities, managing employee stock options, dealing with worthless stock, leveraging the zero capital gain rate, and netting gains and losses.

Annual Loss Limit – The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) allows taxpayers to offset capital gains with capital losses. If losses exceed gains, up to $3,000 ($1,500 if married filing separately) can be deducted against other income. Any remaining losses can be carried forward to future years. This annual loss limit is crucial for taxpayers with significant stock holdings, as it provides a mechanism to reduce taxable income and potentially lower tax liability.

Navigating Wash Sale Rules – The wash sale rule is designed to prevent taxpayers from claiming a tax deduction for a security sold at a loss and then repurchased right away. A wash sale occurs when a taxpayer sells a security at a loss and repurchases the same or substantially identical security within 30 days before or after the sale. If a wash sale is triggered, the loss is disallowed for tax purposes and added to the cost basis of the repurchased security. To avoid this, taxpayers should plan sales carefully, ensuring that any repurchase occurs outside the 61-day window surrounding the sale date.

Recognizing Year-End Gains and Losses – Timing is critical when recognizing gains and losses. Taxpayers should evaluate their portfolios to determine which securities to sell before year-end. Selling securities at a loss can offset gains realized earlier in the year, reducing overall tax liability. Conversely, if a taxpayer expects to be in a higher tax bracket in the future, it might be advantageous to recognize gains in the current year when the tax rate is lower.

Donating Appreciated Securities – Donating appreciated securities to a tax-exempt organization can be more beneficial than selling the securities and donating the cash proceeds. By donating the securities directly, taxpayers can avoid capital gains tax on the appreciation and claim a charitable deduction for the fair market value of the securities. This strategy is particularly advantageous for taxpayers who have held the securities for more than one year, as it maximizes the tax benefits associated with charitable giving.

Managing Employee Stock Options – Taxpayers with unexercised employee stock options should consider year-end strategies to optimize their tax outcomes.

• Non-qualified stock options (NSOs) – Exercising NSOs before year-end can accelerate income recognition, potentially taking advantage of lower tax rates. For example:
• Zero Capital Gains Rate:

1. If your taxable income is low enough to fall within the 0% long-term capital gains tax bracket, you can potentially sell appreciated assets, such as stocks acquired through exercising options, without incurring any capital gains tax. This is particularly advantageous if you have held the stock for more than a year, qualifying it for long-term capital gains treatment.
2. This strategy requires careful planning to ensure your total taxable income remains below the threshold for the 0% rate. It’s important to consider all sources of income and deductions to accurately project your taxable income for the year.
3. Lower Income Year:

1. In a year where your income is unusually low, perhaps due to unemployment, reduced work hours, or other factors, you might find yourself in a lower tax bracket. This can be an opportune time to exercise stock options because the income from exercising options will be taxed at a lower rate.
2. Additionally, if you have any capital losses, they can be used to offset capital gains, further reducing your tax liability.
3. Exercising Options in Smaller Batches:

1. Instead of exercising all your stock options at once, consider doing so in smaller batches over multiple years. This approach can help you stay within lower tax brackets each year, minimizing the overall tax impact.
2. By spreading out the exercise of options, you can manage your taxable income more effectively, potentially keeping it within the limits for lower tax rates.
3. Incentive Stock Options (ISOs) – Exercising ISOs and holding the shares for more than one year can qualify for long-term capital gains treatment. However, taxpayers should be mindful of the alternative minimum tax (AMT) implications associated with ISOs.

Dealing with Worthless Stock – If a stock becomes worthless, taxpayers can claim a capital loss for the entire cost basis of the stock. To qualify, the stock must be completely worthless, with no potential for recovery. Taxpayers should document the worthlessness of the stock and claim the loss in the year it becomes worthless. This strategy can provide a significant tax benefit by offsetting other capital gains or ordinary income.

Leveraging the Zero Capital Gain Rate – For most taxpayers in the 10% or 12% ordinary income tax brackets, the long-term capital gains tax rate is 0%. This presents an opportunity to realize gains on appreciated securities without incurring any tax liability. Taxpayers should assess their income levels and consider selling securities to take advantage of this favorable tax treatment, particularly if they anticipate moving into a higher tax bracket in the future.

Netting Gains and Losses – Netting gains and losses is a strategic approach to minimize tax liability. Taxpayers should review their portfolios to identify opportunities to offset gains with losses. If losses exceed gains, the excess can offset up to $3,000 ($1,500 for married filing separate taxpayers) of other income, with any remaining losses carried forward to future years. This strategy requires careful planning and record-keeping to ensure compliance with IRS regulations.

There are also tax advantages to matching long-term gains with short-term losses or vice versa. Here’s how it works:

1. Offsetting Gains and Losses:
   • Short-term capital gains are taxed at ordinary income tax rates, which are typically higher than the rates for long-term capital gains.
   • Long-term capital gains benefit from lower tax rates, generally capped at 20%.
2. Tax Strategy:
   • If you have short-term capital losses, you can use them to offset short-term capital gains first. This is beneficial because it reduces income that would otherwise be taxed at higher ordinary rates.
   • Similarly, long-term capital losses can offset long-term capital gains, which are taxed at lower rates.
3. Optimal Matching:
   • Ideally, you want to use long-term capital losses to offset short-term capital gains. This strategy maximizes your tax benefit because it reduces income taxed at higher rates.
   • Conversely, using short-term losses to offset long-term gains is less beneficial because it reduces income taxed at lower rates.

By strategically matching your gains and losses, you can potentially lower your overall tax liability. However, it’s important to consider your entire financial situation. 

In conclusion, year-end strategic planning offers taxpayers with substantial stock holdings a range of opportunities to optimize their tax positions. By understanding the annual loss limit, navigating wash sale rules, timing the recognition of gains and losses, donating appreciated securities, managing employee stock options, dealing with worthless stock, leveraging the zero capital gain rate, and netting gains and losses, taxpayers can effectively manage their tax liabilities and enhance their financial outcomes.

Contact our office to tailor these strategies to individual circumstances and ensure compliance with tax laws.

The Internal Revenue Code Section 25C credit, also known as the Energy Efficient Home Improvement Credit, is a valuable tax incentive for homeowners who make qualifying energy-saving improvements to their existing homes. This credit has undergone several modifications since its inception in 2006, with significant changes introduced by the Inflation Reduction Act (IR Act). Don’t confuse this credit with the one for installing home solar systems, which is in Sec 25D of the tax code. This article delves into the details of the Sec 25C credit, including credit percentages, qualified items, annual limits, home energy audits, qualifying homes, basis adjustments, and more. 

Credit Percentage – For years 2022 through 2032 the credit is 30% of the sum of the amount paid or incurred by the taxpayer for qualified energy efficiency improvements installed during that year in a home used by the taxpayer as their principal residence.  

Specific Qualified Items and Per Item Annual Limits – The following energy-efficient home improvements are eligible for the Energy Efficient Home Improvement Credit:

Components Subject to an Annual $1,200 Aggregate Credit Limit:

Windows and Skylights: $600 annual limit.

Exterior Doors: $250 per door, up to a total of $500 for all exterior doors.

Central Air Conditioners, Natural Gas, Propane, or Oil Water Heaters, and Furnaces: $600

Components Subject to an Annual $2,000 Aggregate Credit Limit:

Heat Pumps and Biomass Stoves and Boilers. 

Home Energy Audits – 30% of costs, up to a $150 annual limit.

Annual Credit Limits, $1,200 vs. $2,000 – The Sec 25C credit has two primary annual limits:

• $1,200 Annual Limit: This limit applies to most energy-efficient home improvements, including windows, skylights, exterior doors, and residential energy property expenditures. The $1,200 limit can be increased by up to $150 for a home energy audit, making the maximum potential credit $1,350 in a year when an audit is conducted.
• $2,000 Annual Limit: This higher limit applies specifically to heat pumps, heat pump water heaters, and biomass stoves and boilers.

Home Energy Audits – A home energy audit is an inspection and written report that identifies the most significant and cost-effective energy efficiency improvements for a dwelling unit. The audit must be conducted by a certified home energy auditor. The credit for a home energy audit is 30% of the cost, up to $150. Taxpayers can claim this credit once per year.  

Qualifying Homes – Credit is only allowed for components installed in or on a dwelling unit located in the United States, and for energy-efficient building envelope components such as insulation and exterior windows and doors, the taxpayer must own and use the home as the heir principal residence. In addition, the energy-efficient property must reasonably be expected to be in use for at least 5 years.  

For home energy audits, the taxpayer must own the home oruse it as a principal residence. 

To claim a credit for the costs of certain types of water heaters, heat pumps, central air conditioners, furnaces, hot water boilers, stoves, boilers, and electric system improvements and replacements (collectively termed residential energy property), the taxpayer must use the home as a residence, but does not have to own the home or use it as a principal residence.

• Manufactured Homes – The term “dwelling unit” includes a manufactured home which conforms to Federal Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards (part 3280 of title 24, Code of Federal Regulations) (Sec 25C(c)(4))
• Original Use -The original use of such component commences with the taxpayer.

Basis Adjustment Requirements – The basis of the property is increased by the amount of the expenditure and reduced by the amount of the credit. This creates a different basis for federal and state purposes where the state does not provide a credit or if it differs from the federal credit amount.

Nonrefundable Credit, AMT, and Carryover – The Sec 25C credit is a nonrefundable personal credit, meaning it can only reduce the taxpayer’s tax liability to zero but cannot result in a refund. The credit can offset the Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT). However, there is no carryover provision for unused credits; they must be used in the year they are claimed.

Manufacturer’s Certification and Qualified Product ID Number – Taxpayers can rely on a manufacturer’s certification that a component is eligible for the credit, provided the IRS has not withdrawn the certification. 

Starting after 2024, taxpayers must include the qualified product ID number of the item on their tax return for the year the credit is claimed. Omission of a correct product identification number is treated by the IRS as a mathematical or clerical error.

Differences Between Sec 25C Credit and Rebates – The Sec 25C credit is a federal tax credit claimed on the taxpayer’s tax return for the year the installation is made, while rebates are typically cash incentives provided by manufacturers, utilities, or government programs. Rebates reduce the out-of-pocket cost of the improvement, which in turn reduces the amount eligible for the credit. 

For example, if a taxpayer receives a rebate for purchasing an energy-efficient window, the cost of the window is reduced by the rebate amount before calculating the credit.

Installation Costs – For certain items qualified for the Section 25C credit, the cost of both installation labor and materials can count towards the credit. Specifically, the credit covers:

• Residential Energy Property – This includes items such as heat pumps, biomass stoves, and biomass boilers. For these items, the credit is 30% of the costs, including labor, up to $600 for each item, provided they meet the energy efficiency requirements specified.
• Building Envelope Components – This includes items like insulation, exterior windows, skylights and doors. However, for these components, the cost of installation labor is not included in the credit calculation—only the cost of the materials themselves is eligible.

Planning Modifications to Maximize Credits – Taxpayers can strategically plan their energy-efficient home improvements over several years to maximize the credits. By spreading out the improvements, taxpayers can take advantage of the annual limits each year.  

The Sec 25C credit for energy-efficient home modifications offers significant tax savings for homeowners who invest in energy-saving improvements. By understanding the credit percentages, qualified items, annual limits, and other requirements, taxpayers can make informed decisions and maximize their benefits. Whether it’s through home energy audits, upgrading heating systems, or installing new windows, the Sec 25C credit provides a valuable incentive for making homes more energy-efficient and reducing overall energy costs.

Please contact our office to see if and how you might benefit from this credit.

As Boomers and Gen Xers approach retirement, effective financial planning becomes crucial to ensure a comfortable and secure future. This article outlines essential tax and financial planning strategies tailored to the unique needs of individuals nearing retirement. By understanding and implementing these strategies, you can navigate the complexities of retirement planning with confidence.

Understanding Retirement Goals

Before diving into specific strategies, it’s important to clearly define your retirement goals. Imagine Jane, a 58-year-old marketing executive, who dreams of traveling the world and spending more time with her grandchildren. To achieve this, Jane needs to assess her retirement lifestyle expectations and estimate her retirement expenses. This foundational step helps in creating a realistic financial plan that aligns with her aspirations.

Maximizing Retirement Contributions

One of the most effective ways to prepare for retirement is to maximize contributions to retirement accounts. For those over 50, catch-up contributions allow you to contribute more to your 401(k) and IRA, helping to boost your retirement savings. Take the example of Tom, a 52-year-old engineer, who increased his 401(k) contributions by taking advantage of catch-up provisions. This strategic move significantly enhanced his retirement nest egg, providing him with greater financial security.

Tax-Efficient Withdrawal Strategies

Understanding the tax implications of your retirement accounts is essential. Required minimum distributions (RMDs) must be taken from traditional IRAs and 401(k)s starting at age 73 for years 2023 through 2032. Planning your withdrawals strategically can help minimize your tax burden. Consider the benefits of Roth IRAs, which offer tax-free withdrawals. For instance, Sarah, a 65-year-old business owner, diversified her retirement accounts by converting a portion of her traditional IRA to a Roth IRA. This allowed her to manage her tax liabilities more effectively during retirement.

Social Security Optimization

Maximizing Social Security benefits requires careful planning. Delaying benefits until age 70 can result in higher monthly payments. Evaluate your financial situation to determine the optimal time to claim Social Security. John, a 67-year-old teacher, decided to delay his Social Security benefits until age 70. This decision increased his monthly benefits, providing him with a more substantial income stream during retirement.

Healthcare and Long-Term Care Planning

Healthcare costs can be a significant expense in retirement. Ensure you understand Medicare options and consider supplemental insurance to cover additional costs. Planning for long-term care is also crucial, as these expenses can quickly deplete your savings. Mary, a 60-year-old nurse, invested in a long-term care insurance policy. This proactive step ensured that she would have the necessary resources to cover potential long-term care expenses, protecting her retirement savings.

Estate Planning Essentials

Estate planning is not just for the wealthy. Having a will and, if necessary, a trust, ensures your assets are distributed according to your wishes. Be aware of the tax implications of your estate plan to minimize the tax burden on your heirs. Consider the story of Robert, a 62-year-old entrepreneur, who established a trust to manage his estate. This not only provided clarity on asset distribution but also minimized estate taxes, ensuring a smoother transition for his heirs.

Investment Strategies for Retirement

As you approach retirement, your investment strategy should balance risk and return. Diversification and proper asset allocation can help protect your savings while still providing growth potential. Consider shifting to more conservative investments as you near retirement. Lisa, a 59-year-old financial analyst, rebalanced her investment portfolio to include more bonds and dividend-paying stocks. This strategy reduced her exposure to market volatility while still generating a steady income stream.

Managing Debt Before Retirement

Carrying debt into retirement can be risky. Develop a plan to pay down high-interest debt before you retire. Reducing your debt load can improve your financial security and provide peace of mind. Mark, a 55-year-old architect, focused on paying off his mortgage and credit card debt before retiring. This decision significantly reduced his monthly expenses, allowing him to enjoy a more financially stable retirement.

Selling a Company

For those who own a business, selling the company can be a significant part of retirement planning. Properly valuing the business, understanding the tax implications, and planning the sale can ensure you maximize the financial benefits. Consider the example of Susan, a 60-year-old small business owner, who sought professional advice to prepare her company for sale. By optimizing her business operations and understanding the tax consequences, Susan was able to sell her company at a premium, providing her with a substantial retirement fund.

It’s Not Too Late To Plan

Effective tax and financial planning is essential for Boomers and Gen Xers approaching retirement. By understanding your goals, maximizing contributions, planning tax-efficient withdrawals, optimizing Social Security, preparing for healthcare costs, managing debt, and considering the sale of a business, you can ensure a secure and comfortable retirement.

To navigate these complexities and tailor these strategies to your unique situation, seek professional advice from our office. Our experts can help you analyze best practices and develop a personalized financial plan that aligns with your retirement goals.