Minimize a Surviving Spouse’s Estate Tax: The Benefits of the Portability Election

The Form 706, also known as the United States Estate (and Generation-Skipping Transfer) Tax Return, is a critical document in estate planning and tax management. One of its significant features is the portability election, which allows a surviving spouse to utilize their deceased spouse’s unused estate tax exclusion amount. This article delves into the intricacies of the 706 portability election, including its purpose, qualifications, special filing rules, complications, and the importance of making an informed decision.

Form 706 is used to report the value of a decedent’s estate and calculate the federal estate tax due. It is also used to compute the generation-skipping transfer (GST) tax. The form must be filed if the gross estate, plus adjusted taxable gifts and specific exemptions, exceeds the lifetime estate tax exclusion amount. For deaths in 2024, this exclusion amount is $13.610 million. The top tax rate is 40%. Form 706 is generally due no later than nine months from the decedent’s date of death, with a 6-month extension of time available, if applied for.

Purpose of the Portability Election: The portability election allows a surviving spouse to apply the deceased spouse’s unused exclusion (DSUE) amount to their own transfers during life (i.e., gifts in excess of the annual gift tax exclusion amount to other individuals) or at death. This provision, introduced by the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010, aims to simplify estate planning for married couples and ensure that the estate tax exclusion is fully utilized.

Qualifications for Filing a Portability Election: To qualify for the portability election, the following conditions must be met:

  • Decedent’s Date of Death: The decedent must have died after December 31, 2010.
  • Surviving Spouse: The decedent must have a surviving spouse.
  • Citizenship or Residency: The decedent must have been a U.S. citizen or resident at the time of death.
  • Estate Tax Return Requirement: The estate must not be required to file an estate tax return based on the value of the gross estate and adjusted taxable gifts, without regard to the need to file for portability purposes.

Special Portability Filing Rules: Special filing rules, referred to as the “simplified method” provide a means for obtaining an extension of time to file Form 706 beyond the normal filing deadline only to make a portability election. Under the current version of this simplified procedure, a complete and properly prepared Form 706 must be filed on or before the fifth anniversary of the decedent’s death. Before this special rule became effective, when no 706 had been filed and the filing deadline had passed, a request had to be submitted to the IRS for a private letter ruling granting additional time to file the 706 so that the portability election could be made. The IRS charged a significant fee to process the request. Under the simplified method, no user fee is required.

Complications Associated with Preparing Form 706 – Preparing Form 706 can be complex and time-consuming. Some of the complications include:

  • Valuation of Assets: Accurately valuing the decedent’s assets, including real estate, investments, and personal property, can be challenging.
  • Deductions and Credits: Identifying and calculating allowable deductions and credits, such as charitable contributions and marital deductions, require meticulous attention to detail.
  • Documentation: Gathering and organizing the necessary documentation to support the reported values and deductions can be arduous.

Because of its complexity the cost of preparing a Form 706 can be substantial and often becomes a factor in whether to make the portability election.

Who Should Make a Portability Election? The portability election is particularly beneficial for surviving spouses who anticipate that their own estate may exceed the lifetime exclusion amount. By electing portability, the surviving spouse can substantially increase their exclusion amount, potentially saving thousands, if not millions, of dollars in estate taxes.

Even if the surviving spouse’s estate is currently below the exclusion threshold, it is prudent to consider the portability election. Future changes in wealth, such as winning the lottery, receiving a sizable inheritance, or accumulating additional assets, could push the estate above the exclusion limit. Additionally, under current law the exclusion amount is set to be approximately halved after 2025. Whether the more generous amount will be extended is up to Congress.

Example: When Portability Election is Not Made – Consider a scenario where John dies in 2024, leaving an estate valued at $10 million. His wife, Jane, who is the executor of his estate, decides not to file Form 706 to elect portability, reasoning that her estate is well below the $13.610 million exclusion amount. However, a few years later, Jane inherits $5 million from a relative and her investments appreciate significantly, pushing her estate value to $15 million.

Without the portability election, and if the exclusion amount in her year of death was also $13.610 million, Jane’s estate would only have the $13.610 million exclusion, resulting in a taxable estate of $1.39 million. At a 40% tax rate, her estate would owe $556,000 in estate taxes. Had she elected portability, she could have utilized John’s unused exclusion, potentially saving her estate from any tax liability. Her heirs will wish that she’d made the election.

Importance of a Signing a Refusal Letter – If the decision is made not to file for the portability election, the tax preparer may request a signed refusal letter from the executor and surviving spouse. This letter serves as documentation that the tax preparer informed the client of the potential benefits and risks associated with the portability election. It also protects the tax preparer from potential liability if the surviving spouse’s estate later incurs estate taxes that could have been avoided with the portability election.

This firm’s goal is to help you navigate the complexities of the tax code and maximize your tax benefits. If you have any questions or need assistance with your tax return, please do not hesitate to contact our office.  

Surprising Tax Impact of Converting Your Traditional IRA to a Roth IRA

Taxpayers are limited in the annual amount they can contribute to a Roth IRA. The maximum contribution for 2024 is $7,000 ($8,000 if age 50 or older), but the allowable 2024 contribution for joint-filing taxpayers phases out at an adjusted gross income (AGI) between $230,000 and $240,000 (or an AGI between $0 and $9,999 for married taxpayers filing separately). For unmarried taxpayers, the phase-out is between $146,000 and $161,000. The contribution limits and phase-out limitations are inflation adjusted annually.

However, higher-income taxpayers can circumvent the phase-out income limitations by first making a traditional IRA contribution and then converting it to a Roth IRA, which is commonly referred to as a “back-door Roth IRA.” But, without advance planning, serious pitfalls associated with this maneuver can result in unexpected taxable income.

Converting a traditional Individual Retirement Account (IRA) to a Roth IRA is a financial strategy that many Americans – even those not in the higher tax brackets – consider for its potential long-term tax benefits. However, this decision is not without its complexities and should be approached with a thorough understanding of its implications, benefits, and drawbacks. This article will delve into the process of converting a traditional IRA to a Roth IRA, examining taxability, benefits, pros and cons, age considerations, and other tax-related issues.

Understanding Traditional and Roth IRAs -Before diving into the conversion process, it’s essential to understand the fundamental differences between traditional and Roth IRAs. A traditional IRA allows individuals to make pre-tax contributions, reducing their taxable income for the year the contribution is made. The funds in the account grow tax-deferred, but withdrawals are taxed as ordinary income.

Conversely, Roth IRA contributions are made with after-tax dollars, meaning there’s no tax deduction for contributions. However, the significant advantage of a Roth IRA is that the earnings grow tax-free, and qualified withdrawals are also tax-free. This feature makes Roth IRAs an attractive option for those who anticipate being in a higher tax bracket during retirement and those creating Roth accounts when they are younger.

The Conversion Process – Converting a traditional IRA to a Roth IRA involves transferring some or all the funds from a traditional IRA into a Roth IRA. When you convert, you must pay income taxes on the amount converted as if it were income for the year. This taxability is a critical consideration, as it can result in a substantial tax bill, depending on the amount converted and your current tax bracket.

Benefits of Converting

Tax-Free Withdrawals: The most significant benefit of a Roth IRA is the ability to withdraw your money tax-free in retirement, or earlier in some cases, providing a hedge against future tax rate increases.

No Required Minimum Distributions (RMDs): Roth IRAs do not require the owner to take minimum distributions starting at age 73, unlike traditional IRAs, allowing for more flexible retirement planning.

Estate Planning Advantages: Roth IRAs can be passed on to heirs, who can also benefit from tax-free withdrawals, making it an effective tool for estate planning. Inherited Roth IRA accounts are subject to the same RMD requirements as inherited traditional IRA accounts, but generally the distributions will be tax free.

Pros and Cons of Converting

Pros:

  • Potential for tax-free growth and withdrawals.
  • No RMDs while the owner is alive, offering more control over your retirement funds.
  • Can provide tax diversification in retirement.

Cons:

  • Upfront tax bill on the converted amount.
  • Conversion could push you into a higher tax bracket for the year.
  • If you are a Medicare beneficiary, the conversion could cause an increase in your Medicare premiums two years later, as the premiums are based on income from the tax return two years prior. 
  • Increased adjusted gross income for the year can trigger limitations on other tax benefits that are reduced or eliminated for higher income taxpayers.  
  • No reversal – once converted to a Roth IRA, you cannot recharacterize back to a traditional IRA.

Age Considerations – Age plays a significant role in deciding whether to convert a traditional IRA to a Roth IRA. Younger individuals who expect their income (and consequently their tax bracket) to increase over time may benefit more from conversion, as the tax-free withdrawals from a Roth IRA could outweigh the initial tax hit. For older individuals closer to retirement, the decision becomes more nuanced. They must consider whether they have enough time for the benefits of tax-free growth to offset the conversion tax bill.

Other Tax-Related Issues

Non-Deductible Traditional IRAs: Contributions to traditional IRAs can be either pre-tax (tax deductible) or post-tax (not tax deductible). Deductible contributions and earnings are taxable when converted whereas nondeductible contributions are not taxable when converted. When IRA funds are converted, they are considered withdrawn ratably from the taxable and nontaxable portions of the IRA. In addition, all traditional IRAs of a taxpayer are considered one, meaning an IRA with the most nondeductible contributions can’t be singled out for conversion. Thus, a careful analysis is required in advance to establish the taxable percentage when determining how much to convert.  

Conversion Income: The amount converted is added to your taxable income for the year, potentially increasing your tax liability or even pushing you into a higher tax bracket. When considering whether to convert to a Roth IRA, the impact on various tax benefits due to increasing AGI by the taxable conversion amount must be carefully considered.  For instance, a conversion may cause the taxpayer to lose part of or all certain tax benefits for the conversion year, like: 

  • American Opportunity Tax Credit
  • Lifetime Learning Tax Credits
  • Earned Income Tax Credit (EIC)
  • Child Tax Credit
  • Saver’s Credit
  • Adoption Credit
  • Higher Education Interest Deduction
  • Medicare B & D Premiums – 2 Years Later
  • Medical Itemized Deductions
  • Miscellaneous Itemized Deductions (in years after 2025)
  • Nontaxable Social Security
  • Favorable Tax Brackets
  • Capital Gains Rates
  • Loss Allowance for Rental Real Estate

Net Investment Income Surtax: Higher-income taxpayers face a potential additional tax related to the Affordable Care Act (health care) provisions: the 3.8% net investment income surtax applies when modified AGI exceeds certain thresholds. A higher AGI due to a Roth conversion could push the taxpayer over the threshold. Also, the additional income from a conversion could negatively impact taxpayers who might otherwise be eligible for credits for health care insurance premiums.

Paying the Tax on a Conversion – Where does the money come from to pay this tax liability on a conversion to a Roth?  The taxpayer can pay the liability from other funds or from IRA funds.  However, if the tax is paid from IRA funds, those funds are not part of the rollover (conversion) and therefore are not only taxable, but also subject to 10% early withdrawal penalties if the taxpayer is under 59½ at the time of the withdrawal.  

Tax Strategy: Strategic tax planning, such as spreading the conversion over several years or timing it during years of lower income, can mitigate the tax impact.

Converting a traditional IRA to a Roth IRA can offer significant benefits, particularly for those who anticipate higher tax rates in retirement or who value the flexibility. However, the decision to convert should not be taken lightly. It requires a careful analysis of your current financial situation, tax implications, and long-term retirement goals. Consulting with our office is highly recommended to navigate the complexities of this decision and to tailor a strategy that best suits your individual needs.

Making Home Improvements? You May Qualify for a Substantial Tax Credit

The Internal Revenue Code Section 25C credit, also known as the Energy Efficient Home Improvement Credit, is a valuable tax incentive for homeowners who make qualifying energy-saving improvements to their existing homes. This credit has undergone several modifications since its inception in 2006, with significant changes introduced by the Inflation Reduction Act (IR Act). Don’t confuse this credit with the one for installing home solar systems, which is in Sec 25D of the tax code. This article delves into the details of the Sec 25C credit, including credit percentages, qualified items, annual limits, home energy audits, qualifying homes, basis adjustments, and more. 

Credit Percentage – For years 2022 through 2032 the credit is 30% of the sum of the amount paid or incurred by the taxpayer for qualified energy efficiency improvements installed during that year in a home used by the taxpayer as their principal residence.  

Specific Qualified Items and Per Item Annual Limits – The following energy-efficient home improvements are eligible for the Energy Efficient Home Improvement Credit:

Components Subject to an Annual $1,200 Aggregate Credit Limit:

Windows and Skylights: $600 annual limit.

Exterior Doors: $250 per door, up to a total of $500 for all exterior doors.

Central Air Conditioners, Natural Gas, Propane, or Oil Water Heaters, and Furnaces: $600

Components Subject to an Annual $2,000 Aggregate Credit Limit:

Heat Pumps and Biomass Stoves and Boilers. 

Home Energy Audits – 30% of costs, up to a $150 annual limit.

Annual Credit Limits, $1,200 vs. $2,000 – The Sec 25C credit has two primary annual limits:

  • $1,200 Annual Limit: This limit applies to most energy-efficient home improvements, including windows, skylights, exterior doors, and residential energy property expenditures. The $1,200 limit can be increased by up to $150 for a home energy audit, making the maximum potential credit $1,350 in a year when an audit is conducted.
  • $2,000 Annual Limit: This higher limit applies specifically to heat pumps, heat pump water heaters, and biomass stoves and boilers.

Home Energy Audits – A home energy audit is an inspection and written report that identifies the most significant and cost-effective energy efficiency improvements for a dwelling unit. The audit must be conducted by a certified home energy auditor. The credit for a home energy audit is 30% of the cost, up to $150. Taxpayers can claim this credit once per year.  

Qualifying Homes – Credit is only allowed for components installed in or on a dwelling unit located in the United States, and for energy-efficient building envelope components such as insulation and exterior windows and doors, the taxpayer must own and use the home as the heir principal residence. In addition, the energy-efficient property must reasonably be expected to be in use for at least 5 years.  

For home energy audits, the taxpayer must own the home oruse it as a principal residence. 

To claim a credit for the costs of certain types of water heaters, heat pumps, central air conditioners, furnaces, hot water boilers, stoves, boilers, and electric system improvements and replacements (collectively termed residential energy property), the taxpayer must use the home as a residence, but does not have to own the home or use it as a principal residence.

  • Manufactured Homes – The term “dwelling unit” includes a manufactured home which conforms to Federal Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards (part 3280 of title 24, Code of Federal Regulations) (Sec 25C(c)(4))
  • Original Use -The original use of such component commences with the taxpayer.

Basis Adjustment Requirements – The basis of the property is increased by the amount of the expenditure and reduced by the amount of the credit. This creates a different basis for federal and state purposes where the state does not provide a credit or if it differs from the federal credit amount.

Nonrefundable Credit, AMT, and Carryover – The Sec 25C credit is a nonrefundable personal credit, meaning it can only reduce the taxpayer’s tax liability to zero but cannot result in a refund. The credit can offset the Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT). However, there is no carryover provision for unused credits; they must be used in the year they are claimed.

Manufacturer’s Certification and Qualified Product ID Number – Taxpayers can rely on a manufacturer’s certification that a component is eligible for the credit, provided the IRS has not withdrawn the certification. 

Starting after 2024, taxpayers must include the qualified product ID number of the item on their tax return for the year the credit is claimed. Omission of a correct product identification number is treated by the IRS as a mathematical or clerical error.

Differences Between Sec 25C Credit and Rebates – The Sec 25C credit is a federal tax credit claimed on the taxpayer’s tax return for the year the installation is made, while rebates are typically cash incentives provided by manufacturers, utilities, or government programs. Rebates reduce the out-of-pocket cost of the improvement, which in turn reduces the amount eligible for the credit. 

For example, if a taxpayer receives a rebate for purchasing an energy-efficient window, the cost of the window is reduced by the rebate amount before calculating the credit.

Installation Costs – For certain items qualified for the Section 25C credit, the cost of both installation labor and materials can count towards the credit. Specifically, the credit covers:

  • Residential Energy Property – This includes items such as heat pumps, biomass stoves, and biomass boilers. For these items, the credit is 30% of the costs, including labor, up to $600 for each item, provided they meet the energy efficiency requirements specified.
  • Building Envelope Components – This includes items like insulation, exterior windows, skylights and doors. However, for these components, the cost of installation labor is not included in the credit calculation—only the cost of the materials themselves is eligible.

Planning Modifications to Maximize Credits – Taxpayers can strategically plan their energy-efficient home improvements over several years to maximize the credits. By spreading out the improvements, taxpayers can take advantage of the annual limits each year.  

The Sec 25C credit for energy-efficient home modifications offers significant tax savings for homeowners who invest in energy-saving improvements. By understanding the credit percentages, qualified items, annual limits, and other requirements, taxpayers can make informed decisions and maximize their benefits. Whether it’s through home energy audits, upgrading heating systems, or installing new windows, the Sec 25C credit provides a valuable incentive for making homes more energy-efficient and reducing overall energy costs.

Please contact our office to see if and how you might benefit from this credit.

Financial and Tax Preparedness for Natural Disasters: A Strategic Guide for SMBs and Individuals

Natural disasters can strike with little warning, leaving a lasting impact on both personal and business finances. Whether it’s a hurricane, wildfire, or flood, the financial toll can be substantial. However, by taking a proactive approach, small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) and individuals can minimize disruptions and recover more efficiently.

This guide explores crucial steps to safeguard your financial health, protect your assets, and ensure compliance with tax obligations before and after a disaster. With the right preparation, you can focus on rebuilding while avoiding financial pitfalls.

Pre-Disaster Financial and Tax Preparedness

1. Comprehensive Insurance Coverage

Insurance is your first line of defense when disaster strikes. However, many people don’t realize the gaps in their coverage until it’s too late.

  • Review Your Policies Regularly: Ensure your insurance covers natural disasters specific to your region, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, or floods. Many policies exclude specific disaster types, and supplemental coverage may be necessary.
  • Understand Coverage Limits: Knowing the full scope of your policy—its exclusions, limits, and deductibles—is essential. If your current policy falls short, consider purchasing riders to address potential shortfalls.

2. Safeguarding Critical Documents

Vital financial and legal documents must be secure and accessible during emergencies.

  • Secure Physical Storage: Keep tax returns, insurance policies, and key financial records in a waterproof, fireproof safe. This ensures they are intact when needed most.
  • Digital Backups: Create encrypted digital copies of important documents. Store these backups securely in cloud services or external hard drives, ensuring you can retrieve them remotely even if physical records are lost.

3. Data and Business Continuity Planning

For SMBs, data is the backbone of daily operations. Losing this information can severely impact your ability to recover post-disaster.

  • Automated Data Backups: Implement automated, real-time data backups to cloud services. This ensures minimal downtime and protects against data loss.
  • Business Continuity Plan (BCP): Develop a comprehensive BCP to ensure operations can continue during a crisis. Identify essential personnel, critical functions, and outline alternative processes to maintain service delivery during disaster recovery.

Post-Disaster Financial and Tax Considerations

1. Leveraging Government Assistance

Once a disaster has been officially declared, federal and state assistance becomes available to those affected.

  • FEMA and SBA Programs: The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and Small Business Administration (SBA) provide essential aid, including grants and low-interest disaster recovery loans. These programs offer crucial financial relief to both businesses and individuals.
  • Tax Relief Opportunities: The IRS provides tax filing extensions, casualty loss deductions, and other relief for affected areas. Properly documenting losses and applying for available deductions can significantly reduce your financial burden.

2. Navigating the Rebuilding Phase

The recovery process involves making informed financial decisions while understanding potential tax consequences.

  • Financial Planning for Recovery: Perform a comprehensive assessment of your financial losses and create a step-by-step plan for rebuilding. Explore options such as SBA loans, grants, and insurance payouts to determine the most viable path forward.
  • Tax Implications of Insurance and Aid: Government aid and insurance payouts can have significant tax implications. Consult with our office to ensure that you’re compliant and optimizing your tax position during recovery. Missteps here could lead to unforeseen liabilities.

Leverage Local and Government Resources

Community support and government resources play a critical role during and after disasters.

  • Local Business Networks: Your local chamber of commerce or small business network may offer support services, including access to recovery resources or temporary office space.
  • Stay Updated on Assistance Programs: Government websites are constantly updated with new assistance programs. Checking FEMA, IRS, and SBA sites can help you stay informed of additional relief programs or extended deadlines.

Preparation is Key to Resilience

Natural disasters will continue to be a threat, but by preparing ahead of time, you can reduce their financial impact on your personal and business assets. Taking steps such as reviewing your insurance coverage, backing up critical documents, and understanding the available financial aid can help you recover swiftly and with less stress.

At our firm, we specialize in helping businesses and individuals prepare for and recover from natural disasters. Whether you need assistance with tax relief, financial planning, or navigating insurance claims, our team is here to provide personalized guidance. Contact us today to ensure you’re fully prepared for any emergency.